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Hmmm not so literate people (or just children) make a lot of mistakes writing Spanish because a bunch of letters are pronounced the same. And then the “h” when not preceded by a “c” is silent, which causes issues.

What is true however is that of you learn the pronunciation rules you should be able to read a text correctly even if you have no clue what you’re saying. That’s not true of English for example.



There are a couple of rules that cause confusion:

- b, v and sound like /b/, because v lost its original pronunciation and w was lent from other languages.

- h lost its sound and became silent (used to be a soft /f/).

- g can sometimes sound like /j/ (there was some pressure to remove these uses).

- x can be an /s/ at the start of a word (due to Greek ancestry).

Those are considered mistakes, but they do not change the pronunciation of the words.

For the concrete rules: https://www.rae.es/ortograf%C3%ADa/valores-fonol%C3%B3gicos-.... You can see the exceptions to "one letter, one sound" are very few.


Also, in Latin America (but not most of Spain) z and s are pronounced the same.


H, V/B, LL/Y are problematic in Spanish and you have to memorize how each word is wrote down.




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